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Commonwealth v. ClancyInvestigation Archive • 2026
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Source: Plymouth Superior Court filing • Public record

Long-Term Outcomes of Postpartum Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Gilden, J., Kamperman, A.M., Munk-Olsen, T., Hoogendijk, W.J.G., Kushner, S.A., & Bergink, V. (2020). Long-Term Outcomes of Postpartum Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. *The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry*, 81(2), 19r12906. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.19r12906

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Long-Term Outcomes of Postpartum Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Citation

Gilden, J., Kamperman, A.M., Munk-Olsen, T., Hoogendijk, W.J.G., Kushner, S.A., & Bergink, V. (2020). Long-Term Outcomes of Postpartum Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 81(2), 19r12906. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.19r12906

Published

March 10, 2020

Journal

The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (Physicians Postgraduate Press)

Authors & Affiliations

  • Janneke Gilden, MD - Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  • Astrid M. Kamperman, PhD - Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  • Trine Munk-Olsen, PhD - Aarhus University, Denmark
  • Witte J.G. Hoogendijk, MD, PhD - Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  • Steven A. Kushner, MD, PhD - Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
  • Veerle Bergink, MD, PhD - Erasmus MC / Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
  • Objective

    There is limited information on the longitudinal disease course after first-onset postpartum psychosis (PP). Some women will experience severe affective episodes outside the postpartum period, while for other women their vulnerability to mania and psychosis may be restricted to the postpartum period. This meta-analysis estimates the risk of recurrence after first-onset PP.

    Data Sources

    A computerized literature search was conducted using Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central, PubMed, and Google Scholar (first 100 hits) combining key terms regarding longitudinal studies of first-onset PP from inception through May 9, 2019. Two levels of screening were used on 2,807 citations.

    Study Selection

    A total of 6 English-language articles including patients with a first-onset PP within 1 year after childbirth and a minimum follow-up period of 18 months or more after the index episode were included in the quantitative analysis.

    Data Extraction

    The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were used for data extraction, and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines were used to independently assess the quality of the included studies.

    Primary Outcome

    Recurrence, defined as any subsequent psychiatric episode after first-onset PP.

    Results

  • Six studies and 645 patients included in quantitative analyses
  • Follow-up periods ranged from 11-26 years
  • 279 patients did not experience subsequent severe episodes outside the postpartum period
  • Weighted estimate of "isolated postpartum psychosis": 43.5% (95% CI, 37.7% to 49.4%)
  • Conclusions

    In this meta-analysis, more than 40% of women were classified as having "isolated postpartum psychosis," which could be considered a distinct diagnostic category with a more favorable prognosis. The remaining women had severe non-puerperal psychiatric episodes during longitudinal follow-up.

    Key Findings

  • 43.5% of women with first-onset PP had isolated postpartum psychosis (no recurrence outside postpartum)
  • 56.5% experienced non-puerperal psychiatric episodes during follow-up
  • Among women with PP who had another pregnancy, 27% experienced a subsequent postpartum episode
  • Postpartum psychosis may be less recurrent than previously thought
  • Metrics

  • 46 Citations (Scopus)
  • Relevance to Clancy Case

    This meta-analysis provides critical longitudinal data on PP prognosis. The finding that over 40% of women have isolated PP (no recurrence outside postpartum) while the remainder experience broader psychiatric episodes is relevant to understanding the course of illness in individual cases. The lower-than-expected recurrence rate challenges previous assumptions about PP prognosis.