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APA Resources on Postpartum Psychosis

An estimated one in five childbearing persons in the U.S. experience a mental or substance use disorder before, during, or after pregnancy each year. With support from the CDC Foundation, APA has developed a series of educational materials for addressing perinatal mental health.

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APA Resources on Postpartum Psychosis

Source: American Psychiatric Association (APA)

URL: https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/pregnancy-and-mental-health-conditions

Date: August 31, 2023


Overview

An estimated one in five childbearing persons in the U.S. experience a mental or substance use disorder before, during, or after pregnancy each year. With support from the CDC Foundation, APA has developed a series of educational materials for addressing perinatal mental health.

APA Perinatal Mental Health Toolkit

This toolkit includes four fact sheets for patients:

1. For people planning to become pregnant

2. For pregnant persons

3. For postpartum people

4. Suggestions for preparing for medical appointments

Key Statistics

  • About 15% of mothers experience postpartum psychiatric conditions like depression, anxiety or psychosis
  • Early diagnosis and management of postpartum mental health and substance use conditions are vital for the health of the mother and the baby
  • These mental health conditions can significantly impact all aspects of a mother's life and interactions, including with the infant, partner and family
  • APA Position Statement on Screening and Treatment

    Approved by the Board of Trustees, December 2025; Approved by the Assembly, November 2025

    Issue

    Mood and/or anxiety disorders in the antenatal and postnatal periods is high in the United States and has become a serious public health problem:

  • Among women and postpartum, 1 out of 7–10 who are pregnant and 1 out of 5–8 who are postpartum will develop a depressive and/or anxiety disorder
  • 1 out of 1,000 will develop a psychotic disorder
  • The incidence of these disorders is highest among those with a history or family history of depression, with few social supports, with concurrent substance abuse, domestic violence, and/or with a low socioeconomic status
  • APA Position

    It is the position of the APA that perinatal patients should receive mental health screening and assessment. Treatment and support, which include addressing social determinants of health, domestic violence and systemic stressors, should be provided when needed. Current knowledge regarding the evidence-based approaches to the treatment of patients who are pregnant and postpartum, including the risks of no treatment or under treatment, should be widely disseminated.

    Research on Familial Risk of Postpartum Psychosis

    A 2025 study published in the American Journal of Psychiatry examined the risk for postpartum psychosis among women with a sister who had experienced the condition:

  • Study looked at records of more than 1.6 million women from Swedish nationwide registers
  • Among them, 0.15% (2,514) experienced postpartum psychosis within three months of their first-ever childbirth
  • A woman is more than 10 times more likely to develop postpartum psychosis if her sister had the condition
  • The presence of bipolar disorder in a sister doubles the risk of developing postpartum psychosis
  • Women with a sister with bipolar disorder and postpartum psychosis are at highest risk; their risk is 14 times increased
  • These findings support the view that even though there is overlap between postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder, these are distinct conditions
  • While the risk is significantly higher among full siblings, the absolute risk is still relatively low, estimated at 1.60% within the entire population
  • Postpartum Psychosis: A Preventable Psychiatric Emergency

    Published in FOCUS (APA Journal), 2024

    Postpartum psychosis is the most severe psychiatric disorder associated with childbirth. Although rare, it is considered a psychiatric emergency that warrants immediate medical attention and inpatient care to ensure safety, complete diagnostic evaluation, and treatment initiation.

    Key Points

  • Postpartum psychosis is not a separate diagnosis in DSM-5 but rather exists as a specifier
  • Studies vary as to whether it is considered a separate disorder or a variant of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
  • The clinical presentation can include symptoms of mood disorder, psychosis, and/or delirium
  • Early identification and treatment is key to minimizing risks and preventing negative consequences
  • Treatment Approaches

  • Pharmacological management: Second-generation antipsychotics and lithium are commonly recommended
  • ECT: Effective for rapid clinical improvement in mania, severe depression, catatonia, and psychotic disorder
  • Prevention: Lithium has the strongest evidence of efficacy in preventing mood episodes and psychosis when started in pregnancy or postpartum
  • APA Educational Materials for Providers

    The APA toolkit also includes resources aimed at mental health practitioners, comprising:

  • Four factsheets
  • A white paper highlighting the link between untreated perinatal mental health issues and adverse outcomes
  • A series of four webinars
  • The white paper stresses the need for better screening, prevention, and treatment for perinatal mental and substance disorders. Training gaps in behavioral health professionals affecting perinatal outcomes are highlighted, with recommendations for improved education and credentialing.

    Additional Resources

  • APA Perinatal Mental Health Toolkit: https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/professional-interests/women-s-mental-health/maternal-mental-health-toolkit
  • National Institute on Mental Health: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse: https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/substance-use-in-women